Cancer is a deadly disease that affects 1.8 million people all around the world.  Cancer is caused by tumors however not all tumors are cancerous the are 2 type of tumors. Malignant and benign. Benign tumors do not cause cancer. However, malignant tumors cause cancer. Some symptoms of brain cancer include a head ache, muscular problems such as difficulty walking, problems with coordination, weakness and instability, dizziness, fatigue, vertigo, problems with gastrointestinal as well as cognitive issues. Like all types of cancer there is no cure for brain cancer. However, chemotherapy is used as well as craniotomy. Craniotomy is a surgery that cuts open the skull and attempts to remove the tumor. ​

Vanishing White Matter Disease (VWM) also known as Childhood Ataxia with Central Nervous System Hypomyelination (CACH) is an unconventional as well as and very damaging disease. It is an extraordinarily rare disease only affecting 300 people worldwide.  VWM is a type of Leukoaraiosis .Leukoaraiosis is a white matter diesease. Leukoaraiosis is when there is abnormal change in white matter.During VWM destroyed the Myelin of the axons of the neurons also known as the brain’s white matter. There is no cure for VWM and children with VWM only live to about 2-8 years old. The disease worsens as it progresses. VWM lead to a loss of white matter in the brain and eventually death, VWM is caused by genetics. It is recessive genetic disease. This leads to many people being carriers of VWM without realizing it. VWM is caused by mutations in EIF2B1, EIF2B2, EIF2B3, EIF2B4 and EIF2B5 genes. These genes create a protein known as eIF2B. The mutation causes there to be a lack of eIF2B causing VWM. ​

Image Source: https://www.huntershope.org/family-care/leukodystrophies/vanishing-white-matter
The Image above shows how VWM can get carried from one generation to the next. As seen in the image above the offspring have a great chance that they will be carrier of the disease.

ImageSource:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/CT-and-T2-weighted-MRI-showing-leukoaraiosis-at-different-stages-of-severity_fig1_51902532
The Image above shows diffrent brain images for different stages of Leukoraraiosis. It is recorded using 3 diffrent brain imaging tecniques. 

 
 If someone has 2 or more unexplained seizures this is classified as epilepsy. 1 percent of American children and 1.8 percent of adults have experienced epilepsy. A seizure takes place irregular brain activity. These irregular brain waves can be measured by an EEG. The typical seizures cause people to collapse and shake. However other seizures look like staring spells in which the person will stare of into space and lose track of the time. Focal seizures can cause twitching and change in sensation. Complex focal seizures can leave the victims fazed and unable to answer questions. Epilepsy has many different causes and is referred to as a spectrum rather than a certain disorder. Treatments for epilepsy are directed toward controlling individual seizures. For most one drug is enough to control seizures. ½ of people with epilepsy can control it by a ketogenic diet relies on high fat and low carbs foods. In very severe cases parts of the brain that are affected are removed using split-brain surgery cutting the corpus callousm. One the epilepsy is cured the normal life style is resumed. ​

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders or HAND are neurocognitive problems that are caused by HIV. HIV targets the immune system however HIV can affect the brain. This creates and condition known as HAND. 1/3 of all people with HIV develop HAND. HAND can cause a variety of mental problems. HAND could result in trouble concentrating on a task difficulty with memory, coordination and complex decision making. The mechanism behind HAND is currently not understood. Some researchers say that the HAND is caused by proteins in HIV. However, HAND is understood to be linked to the infection of HIV. ​

Each year 1.7 million people suffer from Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in the USA. TBI’s are caused by bumps, blows and jolts to the head. These motions to the head can cause multiple bleeding to the brain or head injuries that directly damage brain tissue. A concussion is an example of a mild TBI. Severe TBI can cause massive cuts and bleeding to the brain, direct nerve damages as well as the death of brain cells. Brain injury can cause a fever, seizures as well as other problems. All forms of TBI can cause damage to neurons that can lead to an inflammatory response. People who suffer from repeated brain damage can develop a condition known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). CTE happens because of repeated head trauma that causes damaged brain tissue. This creates a buildup of proteins. CTE can cause memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, impulse control problems, aggression, depression, and, eventually dementia. Most people with mild forms of TBI recover easily. Rest is necessary for people with TBI so they can heal. Treatments for TBI incudes removing water fluid and inflamed brain tissue though surgery. Severe TBI can cause the brain to get bruised causing blood to leak and contact brain tissue. This blood is toxic to the brain. In some cases, this can lead to seizures and post-traumatic epilepsy. Once the patient with brain damage is stable rehabilitation can begin this consist of physical and occupational therapy as well as many medications. ​

Source: Frontiers Media

Every year 79,000 people in the USA will be diagnosed with a brain tumor. 26,000 of these tumors will be malignant and the rest will be benign.  A tumor is the buildup of cells. A malignant tumor will lead to cancer. The symptom of a tumor depends on the location of the tumor. In some cases, the tumor creates a headache because of the tumor exerts pressure on the brain. In more extreme cases the tumor will damage healthy brain tissue leading to major damage such as seizures. There are several ways to treat a brain tumor including brain surgery, radiation, targeted treatments as well as chemotherapy. The goal of these treatments is to remove or shrink brain tumors elimating pressure from the brain curing the headaches and seizures that could have been caused by the brain tumor. Brain tumors could be removed by brain surgery such as craniotomy. In craniotomy the skull is opened and the tumor is removed. Another type of treatment is stereotactic radiosurgery. Stereotactic radiosurgery is when a high dose of radiation is applied directly to a tumor. A couple of stereotactic radiosurgery sessions could reduce or eliminate the tumor while also partially keeping healthy nearby tissue. A more modern way of treating tumors are ultrasounds. Multiple beams of ultrasounds are focused directly at a tumor. This method can happen painlessly while the patient is awake. ​

The white area shows a tumor in the brain
Source The Independent

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease in the CNS (Central Nervous System). MS creates an attack against its own CNS. In MS the disease affects many different parts of the CNS. The direct cause of MS is currently unknown. However genetic causes have been discussed. The damage to the CNS that is caused by MS can have a lot of symptoms. The spinal cord, cerebellum and the optic nerve are all commonly affected by MS. Some symptoms are numbness, clumsiness, blurred vision, slurred speech, weakness, pain, loss of coordination, uncontrollable tremors, loss of bladder control, memory loss, depression as well as fatigue. ​

Image Source: Clinical Neuronal News

Source: Neuro Challenge Foundation for Parkinson's  ( Organization for research on Parkinson's Disease)

Above picture from the Indiana Polyclinic